political organisation of the acholi

In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. Identification. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Dwyer, John O. As some of these languages show some form With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . Figure 5. London: James Currey. Kin Groups and Descent. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Malandra, Alfred (1939). Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. London: Oxford University Press. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Movement. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. However, the date of retrieval is often important. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. //, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. identity is rather disputed. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. This made the chiefs more independent from As droughts and commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector ." represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the Following the Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. southern part of the country relatively young. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Uma, F. K. (1971). Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. [CDATA[ The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. (UNHCR, 2012). Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 23 Feb. 2023 . The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Political Organization. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. comparably flat. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. With the coming of the ivory Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. [1994], p. 80). ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati B. Webster, eds. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Politics has been around for millennia. - CORE Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). This term then Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. Langlands, B. W. (1971). A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. The These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. "Acholi have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".

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