mennonites and brethren 1775

Mennonites are Christians who trace their beginnings to the Protestant Reformation, and their basic beliefs are similar to other Christian denominations. [56] A member of this second group, Christopher Dock, authored Pedagogy, the first American monograph on education. Although these demands centred on infant baptism, which Anabaptist leaders Konrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and others questioned on biblical grounds, the real issue was the nature of the church, which the Anabaptists thought should include only those who publicly profess their faith in Jesus Christ. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. E. The current renewal of interest in the relevance of Anabaptism as a major Reformation movement in its own right with immediate implications for the present the recovery of the Anabaptist visionflows in a kind of apostolic succession from Keller to Horsch to Bender to the current generation of Mennonite scholars. He questioned the doctrine of transubstantiation but was reluctant to leave the Roman Catholic Church. Despite the rapid changes that precipitated the Old Order schisms in the last quarter of the 19th century, most Mennonites in the United States and Canada retained a core of traditional beliefs based on a literal interpretation of the New Testament scriptures as well as more external "plain" practices into the beginning of the 20th century. They insist on strict separation from all other forms of worship and dress in conservative plain garb that preserves 18th century Mennonite details. Mennonites become Brethren And Brethren become Mennonites Frank L. Reed In the early days of Mennonites and Brethren in North America many Mennonites became Brethren. Both agencies cited a lack of cooperation with public health requirements that were intended to minimize the spread of the virus. For years, the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society has collected genealogical information for Lancaster County Mennonites and related groups. Initially the Pennsylvania government complained when Marylanders settled this area, but since no one else except the Indians were . 123125. From the start, our spiritual forefathers were determined to hold to the Bible as the non-negotiable source of truth and to pursue radical obedience to that truth. Over the years Mennonite farmers and businesses were very successful. [7] Mennonites can be found in communities in 87 countries on six continents. 70. Often republished. Called the "First Keepers of the Old Way" by author Stephen Scott, the Reformed Mennonite Church formed in the very early 19th century. "[5] The largest populations of Mennonites are found in Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, and the United States. 23, 26, and Horst, Irvin B., Joseph Funk, Early Mennonite Printer and Publisher, M.Q.R., XXXI (1957), 4: 260277Google Scholar. 187188. 30, 114115Google Scholar. Old Order Mennonites cover several distinct groups. 28 July 2009, More than seventy-five years ago, Ludwig Keller (18491915), German archivist and historian, wrote to the young Mennonite immigrant to the United States, John Horsch (18671941), to propose that. See Bowman, Rufus D., The Church of the Brethren and War, 17081941 (Elgin, Ill.: Brethren Publishing House, 1944), pp. Doll, E. E. and Funke, A. M. (Philadelphia: Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation, 1944), pp. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. These withdrawals continue to the present day in what is now the growing Conservative Movement formed from Mennonite schisms and from combinations with progressive Amish groups. (The Wisler Mennonites are a grouping descended from the Old Mennonite Church.) [123] In the 1990s, photographer Larry Towell documented the lives of Canadian and Mexican Mennonites, subsequently published in a volume by Phaidon Press. They felt the Mennonites had grown cold and formal, and were seeking greater emphasis on discipline, prayer and Bible study. Mennonites are Trinitarian (i.e., they believe in the doctrine of the Trinity), affirm the Scriptures (especially the New Testament) as the final authority for faith and life, and appeal to the pattern of the early church as their congregational model. They should not be confused with Old Order Mennonites with whom they have some similarities. In the 1770s Catherine the Great of the Russian Empire acquired a great deal of land north of the Black Sea (in present-day Ukraine) following the Russo-Turkish War and the takeover of the Ottoman vassal, the Crimean Khanate. [55] This group settled farther west than the first group, choosing less expensive land in the Lancaster area. They founded the Mennonite Brethren Church, some of whose members left Russia with other Mennonites in the 1870s after they lost their exemption from military service. Men are said to be the heads of their households while women are expected to be submissive to their husbands. Some Mennonite conferences have chosen to maintain such "disciplined" congregations as "associate" or "affiliate" congregations in the conferences, rather than to expel such congregations. In the ensuing years, Mennonite Brethren churches have been established in SE Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America. [98], Africa has the highest membership growth rate by far, with an increase of 10% to 12% every year, particularly in Ethiopia due to new conversions. As of 2003, the body had about 35,000 members in 235 churches. Beyond expropriation, Mennonites suffered severe persecution during the course of the Civil War, at the hands of workers, the Bolsheviks and, particularly, the Anarcho-Communists of Nestor Makhno, who considered the Mennonites to be privileged foreigners of the upper class and targeted them. Service in the military is generally not permitted, but service in the legal profession or law enforcement is acceptable. The doctrines of nonconformity to the world, church discipline, nonswearing of oaths, and nonresistance (a Mennonite teaching based on New Testament ethics that rejects both war and the use of coercive measures to maintain social order) are affirmed but not practiced universally. They almost immediately began to split into separate churches themselves. 1906, V, 55)Google Scholar, quoted in Neff, Chirstian, Ludwig Keller, The Mennonite Encyclopedia, III, 162163Google Scholar, hereafter cited as M. Faith: Baptist. 54. Their main concern was to be allowed to worship God according to their conscience and pacifist tradition. 69. 121122Google Scholar. Physical description: 26 cm of textual materials. for this article. 217240; a narrative account is in Durnbaugh, , Brethren Beginnings, pp. University of Waterloo - Conrad Grebel University College - Who are the Mennonites? The Hutterites were soon known for their communal living and for an intense missionary zeal that continued into the 17th century, after all other Anabaptist groups had found relative physical security by withdrawing geographically and socially from the mainstream of European life. Excommunication can occur and was notably applied by the Mennonite Brethren to members who joined the military during the Second World War. 6. Worship styles vary greatly between different congregations. During that time they mixed with German Mennonites from different regions. See also Steckel, William R., Pietist in Colonial Pennsylvania: Christopher Sauer, Printer (unpub. Old Colony Mennonites use Low German, a different German dialect. Simons consolidated and institutionalized the work that the moderate Anabaptist leaders of Europe had begun and confirmed the Anabaptist tradition of pacifism. 'The hymnody and choral music of Mennonites in Russia, 1789-1915,' PH D dissertation, University of Toronto 1986 Klassen, Doreen. They are notable for being the church of Milton S. Hershey's mother and famous for the long and bitter ban of Robert Bear, a Pennsylvania farmer who rebelled against what he saw as dishonesty and disunity in the leadership. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War (19171921), all of these farms (whose owners were called Kulaks) and enterprises were expropriated by local peasants or the Soviet government. This activity not only offered new insights for renewing church life but accented the disparity between 16th-century Anabaptist ideals and present Mennonite beliefs and practices. 59. Often, another monarch in another state would grant them welcome, at least for a while. While private schools may add optional material to the compulsory curriculum, they may not replace it. Anabaptist-Mennonite thought has been characterized by its insistence on a separation between religion and the world. 2 Peter 1:5-7 (NIV). : Brethren Publishing House, 1899)Google Scholar; Sachse, Julius F., The German Sectarians of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: The author, 18991900), 2 volsGoogle Scholar., which must, however, be used with caution. Bender, late dean of Goshen College Biblical Seminary, in turn was inspired in his quest by his father-in-law, John Horsch: It was in fact, through Horsch and through his marriage to Elizabeth Horsch that Harold Bender first became interested in Anabaptism Dyck, Cornelius J., Harold S. Bender: The Church Historian, M.Q.R., XXXVIII (1964) 2: 130.Google Scholar, 4. #2. When these two Mennonite denominations formally completed their merger in 2002 to become the new Mennonite Church USA and Mennonite Church Canada denominations, it was still not clear, whether the congregations that were expelled from one denomination, yet included in the other, are considered to be "inside" or "outside" of the new merged denomination. In a tri-racial society, Native Americans were also forced to choose sides. Jahrhundert (Tbingen: J. C. Mohr, 1923), I, 114 ffGoogle Scholar., and Vuilleumier, H., Historic De l'Eglise Rform du Pays de Faud sous le Rgime Bernois (Lausanne: Editions la Concorde, 1930), III, 469521.Google Scholar, 14. In the United States, Civilian Public Service (CPS) provided an alternative to military service during World War II. 8586, contains the action of the Maryland Convention. [6], Congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice, from Old Order Mennonites (who practice a lifestyle without certain elements of modern technology) to Conservative Mennonites (who hold to traditional theological distinctives, wear plain dress and use modern conveniences) to mainline Mennonites (those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population). Rupp, I. D. (Philadelphia: Samuel P. Town, 1875), pp. Since 1925 there has been a Mennonite World Conference that meets every five years for fellowship, study, and inspiration, but the conference does not make binding decisions on its member bodies. However, they refrain from forcing their Mennonite faith on their children, allow their children to attend public schools, and have permitted the use of automobiles. In the last 50 years, Mennonites have been coming to Canada from Mexico. 3. Singing Mennonite: Low German Songs among the Mennonites (Winnipeg 1987) Congregational singing is four-part a cappella. 60. Mennonite Central Committee coordinated the operation of the Mennonite camps. Contributions of Mennonites during this period include the idea of separation of church and state and opposition to slavery. Many were sent to gulags as part of the Soviet program of mass internal deportations of various ethnic groups whose loyalty was seen as questionable. A small sum, based on membership numbers, is paid to the denomination, which is used to support central functions such as publication of newsletters and interactions with other denominations and other countries. B. Lippincott Co., 1913), pp. The Brethren Mennonite Council for LGBT Interests' Oral History Project, one avenue for fruitful research, makes available videotaped oral history records pertaining to individuals from multiple Anabaptist groups; see https://www.bmclgbt.org/center-history. Between 60,000 and 80,000 Americans chose to go into exile after 1783. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Martyrs Mirror, published in 1660, documents much of the persecution of Anabaptists and their predecessors, including accounts of over 4,000 burnings of individuals, and numerous stonings, imprisonments, and live burials. [citation needed] The first conservative withdrawals from the progressive group began in the 1950s. Denominational work is administered through a board elected by the delegates to the annual assembly. 58. This style of music serves as a reminder to many Mennonites of their simple lives, as well as their history as a persecuted people. They also stress the importance of individual conscience on matters of personal and social morality. 44. For fuller treatment of this point, see Durnbaugh, , The Genius of the Brethren, pp. A partial English translation is found in Origins, pp. Mennonites had to build their churches facing onto back streets or alleys, and they were forbidden from announcing the beginning of services with the sound of a bell. In 1783 Mennonites in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, were accused of treason for feeding destitute British soldiers during the American Revolution. We believe in the one true God, the source of all life, who reigns over all things as Father, Son and Holy Spirit and who lovingly cares for all creation. 4849.Google Scholar, 64. In America, Mennonite Brethren and Baptists developed relationships in immigrant German-speaking communities. View all Google Scholar citations The Pemberton quotation is taken from Hocker, Edward W., The Sower Printing House of Colonial Times (Norristown, Pa.: The Pennsylvania German Society, 1948), p. 92.Google Scholar, 53. Many German-Russian Mennonites who lived to the east (not in Ukraine) were deported to Siberia before the German army's invasion and were also often placed in labor camps. This "something" was meaningful, spiritual worship and fellowship. The Mennonites desire to express the ethic of love and nonresistance has been reflected in their deep social concerns. They resigned. Smith, Samuel, History of the Province of Pennsylvania, ed. This occurrence is mentioned, although in garbled fashion, in Jameson, J. Franklin, The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement (Boston: Beacon Press, 1956), pp. The Penington quotation is found in Bainton, Roland A., Christian Attitudes toward War and Peace (New York and Nashville, 1960), P. 153.Google Scholar. [116], In 2015, there were 2078 Mennonites in France. Samuel Purviance to Colonel James Burd, September 20, 1765, quoted in Rothermund, pp. Today, many traditional Russian Mennonites use Standard German in church and for reading and writing. At the same time, during the second half of the 20th and into the 21st century, Mennonite cultural distinctiveness steadily disappeared. Many of the modern churches are descended from those groups that abandoned traditional Mennonite practices. As we experience grace and the new birth, we are adopted into the family of God and become more and more transformed into the image of Christ.11 We thus respond in faith to Christ and seek to walk faithfully in the way of Christ. Note: Alarmed by the increasing threats of war, two religious sects, the Mennonites and the Brethren, addressed the colonial Pennsylvania Assembly in the hope that the assembly would recognize their opposition to war while stating what they were willing to do if war should occur. As the Mennonite population has become urbanized and more integrated into the wider culture, this visible difference has disappeared outside of Conservative Mennonite groups. Mennonites are found in many countries of the world but are concentrated most heavily in the United States and Canada. Bowman, pp. Be always on the watch, and pray that you may be able to escape all that is about to happen, and that you may be able to stand before the Son of Man. The majority of Conservative Mennonite churches historically has an Amish and not a Mennonite background. 40. [25] In 2022, the organization would have it would have 109 member denominations in 59 countries, and 1.47 million baptized members in 10,300 churches. 414422; Bowman, pp. 72. Mennonite Church Canada is a conference of Mennonites in Canada, with head offices in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 1854, according to the new Russian government official invitation, Mennonites from Prussia established colonies in Russia's Volga region, and later in Orenburg Governorate (Neu Samara Colony). Luke 21:34-36 (NIV), As it was in the days of Noah, so it will be at the coming of the Son of Man. They stay separate from other Mennonite groups because of their emphasis on the one-true-church doctrine and their use of avoidance toward their own excommunicated members. Many government and religious leaders, both Protestant and Roman Catholic, considered voluntary church membership to be dangerousthe concern of some deepened by reports of the Mnster Rebellion, led by a violent sect of Anabaptists. Later the Swiss/South German group also adopted the name "Mennonites". The title of the pamphlet written by Smith reveals his aim: A Brief State of the Province of Pennsylvania, in which the Conduct of their Assemblies for several Years past is impartially examined, and the True Cause of the continual Encroachments of the French displayed, more especially the secret Design of their late unwarrantable Invasion and Settlement up the river Ohio. Of these immigrants, around 2,500 were Mennonites and 500 were Amish. As early as 1775 the Pennsylvania Assembly passed a law exempting the Mennonites and Qua kers from military service under certain circum stances. : The Brethren Press, 1958), pp. He represents a second generation of leaders through whom an emerging tradition determined basic faith and doctrine. Bender, Harold S., Ein Spiegel der Taufe, M.E., IV, 594Google Scholar; Bender, Harold S., ed., Two Centuries of American Mennonite Literature (Goshen: Indiana: The Mennonite Historical Society, 1929), p. 2Google Scholar. 51. Although these spiritual groups have similarities, the Amish are the most conservative, emphasizing humility, family, community and separation from the non-Amish world, which . [15] There is no single world authority on among Mennonites, however there is a Mennonite World Committee (MWC) includes Mennonites from 53 countries. Donald Kraybill's guide on the Amish, a people known for their simplicity, and commitment to peaceful living. In 1966 they joined the Evangelical-Baptist Unionan umbrella organization tightly controlled by the Soviet government. Mennonites have also been depicted on television, including the show Pure, and in episodes of Schitt's Creek, Letterkenny[126] and The Simpsons, which was created by Matt Groening, himself of Russian Mennonite descent. [88] The youngest victim was three years old, and the oldest was 65. 7. 48. [5], The majority of the early Mennonite followers, rather than fighting, survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their belief in believer's baptism. The pastor of a neighboring congregation, Eduard Wst, reinforced this pietism. Robert Herr and Judy Zimmermann Herr, "Building peace in South Africa: A case study in the Mennonite program in, Association of Evangelical Mennonite Churches of France, Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Soviet program of mass internal deportations, Alliance of Mennonite Evangelical Congregations, U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches, I Propose We Never See Each Other Again After Tonight, "Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier", "Nuevos alemanes en la selva de Peru, Los Menonitas llegaron a colonizar la selva (Reportaje)", "Aus Montevideo: Galizische Mennoniten in Uruguay", "Paraguay's Mennonites resent 'fast buck' outsiders", "Menonitas en Colombia: as vive la misteriosa comunidad religiosa en los Llanos Orientales", "Member Churches Mennonite Church in the Netherlands", "Church of God in Christ, Mennonite (CGC)", "Holdeman Mennonites discuss 'challenges of entertainment', "Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective", "CNN - Mennonite church expelled for accepting gays - Nov. 5, 1997", Delegates vote to allow space for differences, Delegates repeal Membership Guidelines, pass LGBTQ-affirming resolution, "Ukrainian Mennonite General Conference GAMEO", Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, "The Real History of the Mennonites and the Holocaust", "Mennonite-Nazi Collaboration and Coming to Terms With the Past: European Mennonites and the MCC, 1945-1950", "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Hans Herr House", "10 things to know about Mennonites in Canada", "Paso Robles First Mennonite Church (Paso Robles, California, USA)", "San Marcos Mennonite Church (Paso Robles, California, USA)", "Lancaster's distancing shrinks roll: A few churches want to stay with MC USA; others are dropped from denomination's membership number", "2000 Religious Congregations and Membership Study", "Homosexual and bisexual orientation among Mennonites", "Mennonites leaving Quebec after government closes school", "Townsfolk sad to see Mennonites move away", "Faith-Based Education May Result in Loss of House and Home in Quebec", "Old Order Mennonites, church groups find ways to adapt to COVID-19", "Waterloo Region, COVID surges in old order Mennonite communities", "Public health intervenes to limit COVID-19 surge among old order Mennonites", "Critical threat to Old Order Mennonite community forced order by Public Health", "Mennonite Community of Manitoba, Bolivia", "A Verdict in Bolivia's Shocking Case of the Mennonite Rapes", A Beloved Canadian Novelist Reckons with Her Mennonite Past, "The rapes haunting a community that shuns 21st Century", 2018 Mennonite Church Membership Statistics, "Member Churches Mennonite Church in Germany", "Literature, North American Mennonite (1960s2010s)", "Motion Pictures and Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites", "The Groenings, the Simpsons and the Mennonites", "Satire news site pokes fun at Mennonite quirks", Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society, in Pennsylvania, Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online (GAMEO), Pilgrim Ministry: Conservative Mennonite church directory, The Swiss Mennonite Cultural and Historical Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mennonites&oldid=1142674749, Protestant denominations established in the 16th century, Religious organizations established in the 1530s, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010, Articles needing additional references from January 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Renunciation of the oath (swearing as proof of truth), Horse and Buggy Old Order Mennonites came from the main series of Old Order schisms that began in 1872 and ended in 1901 in Ontario, Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Midwest, as conservative Mennonites fought the radical changes that the influence of 19th century American Revivalism had on Mennonite worship. 17. For in the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, up to the day Noah entered the ark, and they knew nothing about what would happen until the flood came and took them all away. It was reprinted in 1834, 1850, 1853, 1861 and in English translation, 1851, 1853, and 1890. Some of the doctrines that the Amish and Mennonites all agree on are: #1. ], , eds., Chronicon Ephratense; A History of the Community of Seventh Day Baptists, trans. During World War II, Mennonite conscientious objectors were given the options of noncombatant military service, serving in the medical or dental corps under military control, or working in parks and on roads under civilian supervision. Originally, calling themselves Neue Taufer (New Baptists) in order to better distinguish themselves from older Anabaptist groups, such as the Mennonites and the Amish. Other AMG member groups include: Ruland-Deutschen Mennoniten, Mennoniten-Brdergemeinden(Independent Mennonite Brethren congregations), WEBB-Gemeinden, and the Mennonitischen Heimatmission. 1. "[2] The immediate catalyst for the new organization was the discipline placed on a body of brethren who met to observe communion in a private home without the elders' sanction. 1 Peter 2:11-12 (NIV), Therefore prepare your minds for action;discipline yourselves; set all your hope on the grace that Jesus Christ will bring you when he is revealed. His conversion took place in 1536, in the wake of the catastrophe at Mnster, where a group of Anabaptists took control of the city, persecuted non-Anabaptists, and sought to bring about the millennial kingdom but were massacred by a combined Catholic-Protestant army. For as such Establishments may be made in favor of one Party as well as another, the Party that is uppermost becomes a Balance for all the tolerated Sects; and these last, in hopes of that Preference in their Turn, are always tractable. In the early days of the Anabaptist movement, Menno Simons, a Catholic priest in the Low Countries, heard of the movement and started to rethink his Catholic faith. It deals with the nature of baptism, doubtless a reaction to Brethren activity there. Nebst beygefgten Kurzen und cinfltigen Antworten auf diesclben ([n.p. See the Journal of the Committee of Observation of the Middle District of Frederick County, Md. Maryland Historical Magazine, X (1915) 4:301ffGoogle Scholar., for information on how a typical committee followed the regulations. Bowman, pp. Conservative Mennonites are generally considered those Mennonites who maintain somewhat conservative dress, although carefully accepting other technology. 9398. After immigration to America, many of the early Mennonites split from the main body of North American Mennonites and formed their own separate and distinct churches. 43. The distinguishing characteristics of moderate Mennonite churches tend to be ones of emphasis rather than rule. Updates? 300301. The "Russian Mennonites" (German: "Russlandmennoniten")[46] today are descended from Dutch Anabaptists, who came from the Netherlands and started around 1530 to settle around Danzig and in West Prussia, where they lived for about 250 years. Hark, J. Max (Lancaster, Pa.: S. H. Zahm, 1889), pp. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Mennonite Brethren Church was established among Plautdietsch-speaking Russian Mennonites in 1860, and has congregations in more than 20 countries, representing about 500,000 members as of 2019. This is incorrect, according to a 2017 report by Canadian Mennonite magazine:[58]. 50. [124] In 2007, Mexican director Carlos Reygadas directed Silent Light, the first ever feature film in the Russian Mennonite dialect of Plautdietsch. Their main argument with other religions, besides those mentioned above, was the baptising of infants. [63] In May 2021 the main page of their website stated a membership of about 62,000. There is an emphasis on peace, community and service. After 1850 the transition from the German language to English and the adoption of institutions and practices such as Sunday schools and evangelistic services, together with problems associated with the acculturation process, led to a number of divisions among the Mennonites. But the Old Order and plainer Amish have some different beliefs. These historical schisms have had an influence on creating the distinct Mennonite denominations, sometimes using mild or severe shunning to show its disapproval of other Mennonite groups. [17] This meeting marks the beginning of the Anabaptist movement. [97], According to a 2018 census by the Mennonite World Conference, it has 107 member denominations in 58 countries, and 1.47 million baptized members. Mennonite, member of a Protestant church that arose out of the Anabaptists, a radical reform movement of the 16th-century Reformation. [41], The Mennonite Church Canada leaves the choice to each church for same-sex marriage. The editions of Dock's treatise are noted in Scidensticker, p. 81. [1] Mennonite immigrants from West Prussia who had been influenced by pietistic leaders transplanted those ideas to the large Molotschna colony. (Especially the ones that could converse in German and Swiss version German and Dutch version German. 205206; see also Eine Mennonitische Taufpredigt aus dem Jahre 1716, Die Heimat [Krefeld], IV (1924), 2: 197198.Google Scholar, 9. 226232.Google Scholar, 11. Corrections? Schoepf, John David, Reise dureh eiaige der mittlern mid sdlichen vereinigten Nordamericanisehen Staaten., Acten, Urkunden, und Nachrichten zur neusten Kirchengeschichte (Weimar: C. L. Hoffmanu, 1791), II, 10: 2324Google Scholar; Yoder, Don, Plain Dutch and Gay Dutch, The Pennsylvania Dutchman, VIII (1956), 1: 3455Google Scholar. The total population of Old Order Mennonites groups including children and adults not yet baptized normally is two to three times larger than the number of baptized, adult members, which indicates that the population of Old Order Mennonites was roughly between 60,000 and 80,000 in 2008/9. The customs of Old Order Mennonites, the Amish communities and Old Colony Mennonites have a number of similarities, but the cultural differences are significant enough so that members of one group would not feel comfortable moving to another group.

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