is dr steven gundry a seventh day adventist

Yes! Please let us know how the refund process works. Of course, his approach to nutrition has caused controversy in the health space. With that in mind, let's move to our Clinician of the Month, Dr. Steven Gundry. I love Dr.Gundry and his plant paradox book is on point! We have to keep in mind the human factor. What is the worlds healthiest food, according to the experts? He has earned huge fame through his work. Hi Dr. Steven Huckster also comes to mind. The Seventh-day Adventist diet is primarily plant based, meaning that it encourages eating plant foods and restricting or eliminating animal products. how to pronounce canadian cities. That was 18 months ago so the next landing is due.. His thesis is that lectins, a type of plant protein found in certain foods (think beans, brown rice, chia seeds, nuts, tomatoes, quinoa and many more) actually damage the gut wall by causing inflammation, thus resulting in many modern diseases. Even a grade school science teacher knows that if a parameter qualifies you for a diagnosis throughout the spectrum of the parameter, it should be thrown out because it cant help you to make a diagnosis. Welcome to the Dr. Gundry podcast, the weekly podcast where Dr. G gives you the tools you need to boost your health and live your healthiest life. Anthony: I love your post. [4] He is a five-times New York Times best-selling author as of 2012. Pathetic at best. READ MORE: Who is Tanner Foxs girlfriend? Bruce Makowsky Net Worth | Wife (Kathy Van Zeeland) & Biography. The scientists and dieticians have classified Stevens claim to be a part of a pseudoscience whereas the Plant Paradox diet suggested avoiding food containing lectins. He has been successful in combining his love of writing with his passion for medicine. In 2022, he authored Unlocking the Keto Code which promotes a lectin-free ketogenic diet consisting of goat and sheep dairy products, fermented foods, grass-fed beef, shellfish, olive oil and red wine. Listen to medical authors who are qualified in their field. Indeed up until 2004 Gundry was a well-respected cardiac surgeon but since then he has been selling diet books and supplements on his website, gundrymd.com. The most popular supplements are the Gundry MD Vital Reds, which helps maintain high energy levels and a fast metabolism; the Gundry MD Prebiothrive, which reduces cravings for sweets and junk foods, helps with weight managements and improves digestion; and Gundry MD Primal Plants, which works to promote healthier and more youthful skin from the inside out. Learn how your comment data is processed. "Dr. Gundry has always been a skilled disruptor of commonly held beliefs that tend to cause people to struggle with their health. All I got out of it was tired 24/7. Avoiding them might lead to inadequate nutrition. , Optimist, I can agree with a lot of what you say. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Is Watch Dogs 2 Multiplayer Cross Platform? At the time of writing, the channel has over 456k subscribers and more than 37 million views. per day? This is especially troubling for an author who touts his own research experience. in 1972. Here are nine things you should know about that denomination: 1. In the meantime, Gundry has come out with another best-selling. Any I dont mind being scrutinized by skepticsI dont mind being proven wrong but until that time comes I am obligated to share this information. Also, who is Steven Gundrys wife? Siebenbrgische Spezialitten Erzeugnisse aus der Heimat nach original Rezepten. It is an historic grain that makes use of the least quantity of water to provide of any crop. Appreciate the research conducted to debunk this Leaky Gut theory. His parents are unknown, but Gundry is believed to have siblings. To join the conversation, please Agree. It is in my lymph nodes, blood stream etc. Lectin Shield works to protect your body from a pile-up of lectins and to promote full-body comfort.. Thank you been waiting for this post! In 2002, he moved into private practice and established the International Heart and Lung Institute. thank you, Thank you for this informative article. If you do crave grains, Gundry says its okay to indulge in very small portions of lectin-free types like sorghum and millet. [5] Amen has built a profitable business around the use of SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) imaging for purported diagnostic purposes. Well, according Continue reading Dr Gundry 2 He was raised by American parents in Omaha, Nebraska. a french bakery or home made fresh bread, traditional Italian pasta, etc. If it takes you more than 3 minutes to tell me the wonderful, helpful, everyone will benefit, medical news, then I immediately know you are trying to make a buck and its bunk! When i checked out the book from the library I was shocked by how radical it was regarding diet and foodstuffs. Yup. He is vegetarian and thriving. The last 20 or so minutes of his infomercial is a string of claims about how supplies are running low, and its important that you act immediately, and that if you do manage to get through to a customer representative you should order as much as you have room to storethe shelf life is great, etc. Dr Gundry says this process is crucial to great nutrition. In essence, He gave everyone permission to stop what they're doing and just enjoy the world He made, the life He made. Although I dont see his diet causing harm to people. If you read the above two paragraphs, you can skip reading all the these books and focus on something productive that you will contribute to life, universe and everything. Read The Blue Zones. There are other reasons for leaky gut please have more tests! If you think fiber is an important part of a healthy diet, you arent defining terms adequately, and ignoring the findings of everyone that is not eating plant matter whatsoever for months, years, and decades, as well as the diverse findings of anatomical studies. Hes more like a high-life self deluded fool. Although Gundry claims his writing is not motivated by money, Hambling notes: Yes, he also sells supplements he recommends. Your email address will not be published. Follow 30 to 90 day weight loss program . Dr. Steven Gundry is a cardiologist, heart surgeon, medical researcher, and author. Fahrverkauf Ingolstadt; Preise The atmosphere of our planet is thus highly analogous to the dietary sources of lectins: both contain compounds with potentially toxic effects, but net benefit is overwhelming both from eating plants, and breathing. There diet and life style: all are vegetarian of different and local vegetables (organic I expect), an occasional wine, a community of friends, and relatives, and moderate regular exercise. Dr P, I am driven by science based information. I will also be publishing a book on the topic called Brain Drain where I teach people to diagnose and treat their own CARB syndrome, so they dont have to wait decades until the concept gains traction. Hambling closes his piece by noting that book publishers have no accountability for publishing dietary/health misinformation as they are incentivized to publish and profit from the most outrageous claims. "[8] Robert H. Eckel, an endocrinologist and past president of the American Heart Association, argues that Gundry's diet advice contradicts "every dietary recommendation represented by the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, American Diabetes Association and so on" and that it is not possible to draw any conclusions from Gundry's own research due to the absence of control patients in his studies. Because of the focus on his personal faith, Carson became the most prominent American member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He earns his wealth by selling supplements and books. One measure that I use for evaluating advice is how long does it take to give the advice. For that reason, on the Sabbath, there can be no secular labor, including any household . I have noticed my PBS TV station televising what is essentially an infomercial for a doctor I consider a charlatan/snake oil salesman/quack. At least it was new to me. Most lectins may be deactivated by cooking using wet, high-heat techniques such as boiling, stewing, or soaking. A seventh day adventist is someone who is committed to their faith and lives in the world of the savior. December 11, 2022 I have been taken the three supplements for a month now, Total restore, lectin, and biomedical. Ive come across four well-researched pieces which destroy any validity to the concepts put forth by Gundry in The Plant Paradox. Dr Campbells findings in the China study are important, and I think the main reason he doesnt like Dr Gundry is because he took a small jab at him in his book. The ProPlant shake is going back soon, too, since it has a really offensive taste of saccharin from the stevia components, it turns into a slimy, coagulated mass after sitting in the cold, and it causes constipation. He is married to Penny Gundry and has a grandson named Oliver. In Dr Gundry's model, gone is the old foundation of pasta, bread and cereal and in its place is approved fats (avocado, olive oil, nuts and seeds), leafy greens and cruciferous vegetables (like broccoli and cauliflower). The video threw me off with repetitive emphasis on his claim of being a celebrated cardiologist and the painfully obvious pressure tactics at the endbut I listened to all of it because I wish there was some truth in the claims. He is investigating the effect of diet on human beings and has released many supplements related to human health that are gaining huge fame due to correct consequences. Dr. Oz in my personal opinion is no less than the imaginary character Wizard of oz! But when you say it has a lot of science behind it, tell me exactly what you think he says that is supported by good science. Theme: Newsup by Themeansar. So much media is guilty of this, all for the $$. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Lets have more research on this, but his book is a start and it seems mostly honest. B. A substance in blueberries called flavonoids is responsible for their beneficial effects on health. Quackery is a very remunerative occupation. But its just the same old BS dressed in new clothes. However, as with the case for Kelly Clarkson, sports dietitian Chloe McLeod says the Plant Paradox Diet holds a small amount of credibility when it comes to autoimmune diseases. And of course, Dr. Gundry sells supplements, including Lectin Shield for about $80 a month. Dr Andrew Cronk - The Fullness of God. Hormesis from repairing damage from plant toxins may have strengthening value (but so does just intense activity like hard workouts; plants are not required). But he is an interesting case. Lectins in nuts and seeds are water-soluble and present on the outer surface, thus they are washed away when the food is exposed to moisture. Find a Doctor Search for an Adventist HealthCare doctor near you in the Maryland and Washington, D.C. metro area. [10][8][28][7] Although Today's Dietician acknowledges evidence that consuming lectins in some raw foods like kidney beans can be harmful, it concludes that "preliminary studies have revealed potential health benefits of lectin consumption and minute evidence of harm. Eating many so-called healthy foods gives your body the wrong messages and may activate what Dr. Gundry calls "killer genes," whose purpose is to get rid of you. If this thing work you can introduce your product here. He had a bright academic career and graduated from Yale University with a B.A. I suffered from acid reflux and gastritis for three years before they found a blockage on an MRI. Theres no doubt Gundrys claims have caused controversy. I know how addicting they can be. Dr. Steven Gundry is a seven-day Adventist. 30 January 2021. Dark Leafy Greens. I am a Family Physician with a long-standing interest in the connection between diet and brain function. Heres a reasonable discussion of the theory which is frequently embraced by alternative practitioners https://www.badgut.org/information-centre/a-z-digestive-topics/leaky-gut-syndrome/. They can add Sinatra (not Frank) to their list of suspects, Some information here: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leaky-gut-syndrome/. I personally think in the beginning his looks drew people, but age is taking its toll and its as if he is sinking and grabbing whatever he can to stay afloat. His net worth has been estimated to the neighborhood $8million. And plants do have numerous antinutrients whether you want to acknowledge it or not So the claim that plant foods are good, pure and simple, is utterly unscientific conventional wisdom, nothing more. Youd think they would have a modicum of responsibility to publish health advice based on science, not sensationalist drivel. I felt no benefit from 86 days of Total Restore and called the customer service number which referred me to his website for full details on returning a product. I have like 8jars of the vital reds and just recently bought the probiotic and it has helped me instead of taking my prescriptions linzess. He also argues we should also adopt strategic fasting to give the gut time to heal. Some of the healthiest people I know eat: tomatoes, potatoes, egg plant.. one is a 60 year old triathlete with no joint issues, etc. Siebenbrgische Spezialitten Erzeugnisse aus der Heimat nach original Rezepten. The second article I highly recommend was written for The Atlantic last year by one of my favorite medical writers, James Hamblin, MD. Im very ill and just want to feel normal again and dont really want to be on pain meds. David L. Katz, MD, MPH, FACPM, FACP, FACLM, who has way too many letters after his name wrote Do We Dare Eat Lectins? and concluded that Gundrys idea that the binding of lectins from plant foods to our cells is a major cause of ill health, and thus we must all fear and avoid lectins is utter nonsense.. She didnt do the current fad of intermittent fasting, but enjoyed a couple of cookies and glass of milk before bedtime. It is a money crop. Steven has been a famous dietician, author, and doctor. I was shocked and dismayed. SPINACH IS THE FIRST INGREDIENT. I was intrigued enough to do my own literature search and can confirm zero exist. From the inside out, it helps to erase dark spots and skin discolorations. Within the Center East and Africa, it is their grain. Yes, it comes with aches and pains. He came to realize that even "healthy" choices, like certain fruits and vegetables, may have a negative effect on your body. "[4], In November 2021, Gundry published a poster abstract in Circulation which claimed that mRNA vaccines against the COVID-19 virus "dramatically increase" inflammation and that this was associated with heart disease. The money back garrentee is what usually gets me. One of those physicians, Steven Gundry, MD, created much controversy in 2017 with the hypothesis that lectins in plant foods were the source of many chronic illnesses as outlined in his book, The Plant Parado x. Dr. Gundry references his "published" research and although a search on Pubmed reveals that his last peer reviewed full paper was on Tomatoes are a staple. Unlike Amen and Gundry, I make my living the old-fashioned way by rounding at multiple nursing homes. My grandmother, who lived into her 90s up until a few years ago, ate all the bad things. He has a complete grasp of the notion that desperate people, who already tried many diets, need to cling on to hope. Lectin levels in raw peanuts were the highest, but this decreased significantly when cooked. Although I prefer fasting from 8 PM to noon. The boys recovery developed the need for a heart transplant but it was found unnecessary where Steven received a successful four-hour surgery to repair a mitral valve. Nightshades: tomatoes, eggplant, potatoes and peppers, Beans and legumes: Including soy and peanuts. And as always, make sure you seek advice from a medical professional before making changes to your diet. Religion is the worst invention of Humanity. Ketogenic diets, though rooted in long-lived nutrition principles, have led to a startling misconception about how they work. Holly, according to Steve, you are clearly a nut naughty nut! He has a net worth of $10 million. What is Dr. Gundrys formula for fading the appearance of wrinkles? None of us are here forever, so dont stress and enjoy the good life we were given. One uses carbs And fiber 8s an important moderator that ultimately helps avoid diabetes and more. Avocados are not only lectin-free, but they are also a great source of vitamin C and potassium. Dr. Steven Gundry is a cardiothoracic surgeon, heart surgeon, medical researcher, and author. I listened to the whole infomercial including the extra bit at the end after the pause and having listened to other infomercials in the exact same format they all take you through a long journey through the justification of a product that is unique and will radically improve your life in some newly discovered way. The skeptical cardiologist first encountered the blather of Dr. Steven Gundry while researching and writing a post entitled The #1 Red Flag of Quackery. However, it seems our publicly supported media should do a better job of vetting what they are promoting. Lectin-free diets allow for the consumption of eggs, provided that they are produced with pasture-raised chickens. I believe that highly processed food is neurotoxic and over time it can trigger a form of food-induced brain dysfunction that I call Carbohydrate Associated Reversible Brain syndrome or CARB syndrome. According to his website, This groundbreaking new formula was created to offset the discomforting effects of lectins (proteins commonly found in plants that make them harder to digest). If an email runs for pages and pages, it is likely bogus. At the time I considered writing about it but never got around to it. All the get it now or else is a red flag. Gundry, Steven R. & Notes Medical Director at Desert Regional International Heart Institute (2002+); LLUMC Chief of Cardopthoracic Surgery;assisted Dr. Bailey with infant heart transplants (13years);inventor of innovations for heart surgery Search Type SDA Biography File It might not sound too bad, but the list of foods off limits is quite intense. Charlatan? The skeptical cardiologist first encountered the blather of Dr. Steven Gundry while researching and writing a post entitled . "Dr. Gundry has always been a skilled disruptor of commonly held beliefs that tend to cause people to struggle with their health. How reliable of a source is Steven Gundrys medical advice? All times AEDT (GMT +11). It confirmed my suspicions. Is Steven Gundry a Seventh Day Adventist? "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. [21], He is the host of the Dr. Gundry Podcast on health and nutrition. What Should You Use to Gather Water and Lava in Minecraft? That would be awesome! As a ketogenic diet, is his diet (minus the pills) any good? In the Longevity Paradox Gundry comes up with his own unique and totally unsubstantiated theory of atherosclerosis (the build up of plaque in our arteries which causes heart attacks). And by being such, hes more of a threat than political activists, because hes impacting peoples health and well being. He has written over 300 books and articles about the nutritional reversal of hypertension (high blood pressure), type 2 diabetes, high LDL (bad) cholesterol, and heart disease. I sell one neurotransmitter precursors product (CARB-22) at cost because this type of supplement is hard to find. Dr Steven Gundry, M.D., is one of the biggest, and most controversial, names in the health world. Hail the mighty double cheeseburger (in moderation of course).Thank you. I think the author of this article didnt read the book, just maybe the review of Dr Campbell. Not only is he not convincing but the pushers of their wares are even less so. I operate my web site at a loss because my goal is to spread valuable information, not make more money. Learn more See more resources on Google THE REAL TRUTH. Gary, I agree with your comments 100%. ", "Going 'lectin-free' is the latest pseudoscience diet fad", "The Next Gluten-Level Obsession Could Be Lectins", "20032005 Bulletin Loma Linda University", "About Steven Gundry Global Wellness Institute", "Center for Restoritive Medicine 9 Ways to Better Health", "No, You Probably Shouldn't Follow Kelly Clarkson's 'Lectin-Free' Diet", "The Dr. Gundry Podcast on Apple Podcasts", "Gwyneth Paltrow and Goop: Another triumph of celebrity pseudoscience and quackery", "Unlocking the Keto Code: The Revolutionary New Science of Keto That Offers More Benefits Without Deprivation", "Lectin-free is the new food fad that deserves to be skewered", "Fact Check Research abstract is not reliable evidence of a link between mRNA vaccines and heart disease", "Concerns raised about legitimacy of research linking vaccines and heart attacks", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Gundry&oldid=1138290702, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 22:39. In my opinion Gundry is a total quack! https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109703016310#:~:text=E.%20H.,dietary%20saturated%20fats%20(3). Gundry, Campbell, Buettner, the WHO, your PCP and nutritionist all suggest very similar things with minute differences: only eat when hungry and not as a pastime dont eat processed foods eat mostly a variety of locally grown vegetables (dont forget starchy root veggies) limit sugar (including overly sugary non-seasonal fruits) limit animal proteins and fats (a little fish and maybe eggs are ok, use a variety of cold pressed plant based oils) probably a good idea to limit grains, especially in the US (I think this will be the next big fight between food lobbies and science / healthy people) sleep 7-8 hours move around, dont sit for too long. None of the articles talk about lipopolysaccharides, so Im left feeling like Monsanto told you leaky gut doesnt exist. Startseite; Die Bckerei. Scientists and dietitians have classified Gundrys claims about lectins as pseudoscience beliefs and theories that are considered scientific, but in fact have no basis in scientific fact. that of Dr Campbell, Buettners books, or nutritional / medical science in general, understanding how the human metabolism works, the role of insulin, IGF-1, etc. Thank you for the article. Zero! You can take that to the bank. and your typo as well as lack of punctuation is a dis-service to legitimate spelling and grammar. He had a bright academic career and graduated from Yale University with a B.A. Longevity Paradox: How to Die Young at a Ripe Old Age. Well, Gundry suggests to cook your veggies, especially beans in a pressure cooker to get rid of the lectins which is probably a good idea. Then by his rationale I should avoid yams. Eat Your Beans But Skip Reading The Plant Paradox, Finally, Ive updated this post with a skewering of Gundrys latest book The Longevity Paradox written by Joel Kahn, MD. Steven Gundry is a married person. You are my new hero (at least for the time being). Thanks, I was wondering why DrGundrys Vital Reds supplements dont list amounts of sugar, etc in them on the label. Nationwide News Pty Ltd 2023. [23] Gundry has also controversially supported the website of Joseph Mercola for giving "very useful health advice". But she ate these things in moderation. Zealots like John Kellogg, Lenna Cooper, Ancel Keys and subsequent proponents of the misguided and seemingly misanthropic message they instigated (even above-quoted T. Colin Campbell) have been attempting to convince humans that were herbivorous or should eat less fat, cholesterol or salt for over a century and that should be called out and ignored, or even penalised given the accumulated damaging consequences. These hucksters never go away, just keep coming back to the gullible year after year. Who exactly is misleading the public with false information? Whatever, meaning, amature after amature pushing their wares. I have a stint in the mesenteric artery and celiac?I also have them tented to keep the arteries open. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Millennialist Protestant Christian denomination that was founded in the 1860s in the USA. Yeah, DR. Gundry mentioned Dr. Oz I deleted my history and moved on. By the time of 2000s, Steven Gundry elevated his career as a Cardiothoracic surgeon. If youre looking for a high-nutrient meat, cow liver is your best bet. However, Dr. Gundry and his minions send me threatening legal letters when I use the word quack to describe him. Robert H. Eckel, an endocrinologist and past president of theAmerican Heart Association, stated that Gundry's diet advice was "against every dietary recommendation represented by theAmerican Cancer Society, American Heart Association,American Diabetes Associationand so on.. I had not previously heard of this doctor but his Wikipedia entry certainly makes him sound like a big time charlatan. In spite of the fact that he isnt completely trustworthy, we shouldnt discard his views just yet. EVERYONE OUT THERE TRY THOS PROGRAM IT WORKS !! Never, EVER part with your money to these greedy, commercial, underhanded individuals. Leonard Lugtu - Truth and Beauty: Why I am Seventh-day Adventist. I am not sure an anecdote about possible evidence will challenge his cognitive dissonance! He's the man behind Kelly Clarkson's 17kg weight loss, but he's also the most controversial expert in the wellness world. Possibly because it wasnt a problem. You can count on us for all your medical and wellness needs - from primary to specialty care. Recently a doctor told me, I read too much. However it draws attention to a very important issue, that we still dont quiet understand: inflammation, and how its related to what we eat. It should be read in the context of other nutritional research, e.g. Gundrys only i have the secret to diseases x, y and z adds to his collection of red flags of quackery. In his previous books, he discussed the lectins found in plants, as well as some recipes that promote a healthy lifestyle. Chia seeds (which include lectin and, in accordance with Dr. Besides, the need for so many Extras tells me that his protocol is defective, being deficient in these essential nutrients! Only those who are willing to plunk down the money to buy his book will learn this secret and the (mostly gobbledook) science behind it. Amazing that folks still get away with so much BS. The Prebiothrive produced daily bowel movements w/o any adverse effects. I really loved reading this page revealing the hidden truths on this SOB! I watched Dr. Gundrys video clip for about 20 minutes,out of 50+ minutes, before I realized he was selling a panacea. have been dethroned by this new superfood, which does not contain lectins. And Im glad you approve of full fat yogurt my yogurt maker has payed for itself many times over and I dont add sugar. This is a question that many people may be asking. 1. As they say: follow the money, and you will find your answers. A. Dr P. I hate to use the word hate, but I hate that QUACK Gundry (Doctor excluded) because he is a quack! I never liked authority as argument. He is a Seventh Day Adventist. Protein, vitamins, minerals, and necessary amino acids are all abundant in this food. [18], Gundry has authored books focused on food-based health interventions. Dr. Steven Gundry has authored 4 books that have outlined his views on health and what he believes are the underlying causes of many people's ailments. Lets face it. Dr. Oz should be have feathers glued on his bottom and made to do the rooster dance and sing cockledoodleado until his sense of decency and compassion for other human beings returns. That is, better for people in general, not better for the industries producing these medications, the addictive processed foods, or non-processed but genetically modified crops drenched in glyphosate All this is so obvious, sometimes I wonder how are we constantly missing the mark. For hes obviously at least intelligent enough to pass med school and diligent enough to perform cardiac surgery. I have taken cymbalta for 11years due to chronic pain, depression, etc. The book leaned towards having the reader focus on consuming more plant-based products over animal protein for optimal health. My next step is to just get refunds on all of this stuff Ive been so trusting of. Olive oil, avocado oil, macadamia nut oil, walnut oil, hemp seed oil, flaxseed oil, MCT oil, perilla oil, ghee Nuts, up to 1/2 cup per day (see "Yes, Please" food list for He wrote a book published in 2009 entitled Dr. Gundrys Diet Evolution in which he states: Until six years ago, I primarily flexed my survival muscles as a heart surgeon and researcher on how to keep heart cells alive under stress. But its a generous and considerate notion. "The Plant Paradox: Steven Gundry's War on Lectins | Science-Based Medicine", "Making Some Trauma of Heart Surgery Disappear", "Ask the Expert: Clearing Up Lectin Misconceptions", "Will Cutting Out Lectins On The Plant Paradox Diet Make Losing Weight Easier? To complement his beliefs, Gundry sells a range of supplements, branded Gundry MD. in 1972. Having not watched these videos Im curious what he does state in his excessively long self-testimonial. At the time, 14 observational studies suggested vitamin D levels are inversely linked with the incidence or severity of COVID-19, and my paper concluded, "The evidence . Master Notes For Dawdle Draught in Harry Potter. I cant say that I have debunked leaky gut. I have one nephew who is half Inuit, half European descent. Do you have any comments?

Houses For Rent In Rancho Cucamonga'' Craigslist, Articles I