life expectancy after stroke at 40

2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. In the following 9 years, life expectancy reduces by 20%. 36-40 In 2017, ischemic heart disease and . Stroke recovery can be long--and expensive. Histogram (bar chart) of survival times for men age 70 in the general US population. There are several ways people can avoid stroke after a TIA, including altering their diet, getting regular exercise, and stopping smoking. Director of Neurological Services and Innovation They include: Some people recover completely from a stroke; some are left with lasting issues; while others are completely incapacitated. Be prepared by ensuring that those around you can recognize the symptoms of a stroke and know to call 911 immediately. Always consult a medical provider for diagnosis and treatment. Scientists analyze the impact of TIAs on life expectancy by looking at relative survival rates. Rehabilitation may include working with a few different types of specialists, including: Many stroke patients also struggle with depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. The life expectancies derived here therefore indicate the current state of knowledge regarding long-term survival after stroke. Another study found that 36% of patients did not survive beyond the first month. Now shes talking with new stroke survivors to spread hope. This shows that even in the case where survival times are fairly limited (98% of people live shorter than 30 years), it is not possible to predict an individuals actual survival time very accurately, even using 5-year age ranges. Most of the progress in stroke recovery takes place during the first 6 to 12 months after the event. Even if a person has smoked for years, quitting reduces the risk of stroke almost immediately. by Fred Rexroat. A hemorrhagic stroke is rarer. Mr. P, who is age 70, and his family visit your clinic. Invincible: Family, faith and friends strengthened Air Force veteran as he fought multiple bouts of cancer and COVID-19, Once aiming for the Olympics, skier embraces new life after heart-wrenching accident, Putting kindness first as she copes with lung cancer. We conducted a qualitative study of patients' quality of life and a data linkage study exploring patterns of death after a severe stroke. The fatality rate within six months was 57%. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? A stroke is a frightening and challenging life event. An estimated 1.9 million brain neurons die every minute that a stroke goes untreated. They also check for how you understand questions and directions. At about 40: gain 9 years of life expectancy. In the remaining intermediate cases, which are quite common in practice, the clinician may not have any known guideposts and, thus, may be reluctant to offer an opinion. Stroke information page. Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction: a theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence. In the article below, we will focus on congestive heart failure/CHF prognosis, the estimates on how long can you live with congestive heart failure, and the average CHF life . So . Call 911 immediately if you notice any of the following "FAST" signs of a stroke: Stroke survivors will spend some time in the hospital to recover and rehabilitate. Follow these tips to take full advantage of your benefits. J Pers Assess. 7 Things to Know About Health Insurance After a Stroke. Even having just two of the conditions reduced life expectancy by 12 years. We avoid using tertiary references. At about 50: gain 6 years of life expectancy. The median survival time after a first stroke are: at 60-69 years of age-6.8 years for men and 7.4 years for women; at 70-79 years of age-5.4 years for men and 6.4 years for women; and at 80 years and older-1.8 years for men and 3.1 years for women. One had weakened and began to bleed in the area that affects speech. If the data are distributed normally (bell-shaped curve), roughly 95% of people would survive 10 to 30 years (Box Figure 1). Dementia reduces life expectancy in two ways. It is a truism that an individual patients survival time cannot be predicted with any reasonable degree of precision. Never ignore professional medical advice in seeking treatment because of something you have read on the site. If the stroke was caused by a blood clot, you may have to take an anticoagulant to prevent further clots. Thurston was taken to UCHealth Poudre Valley Hospital, a primary stroke center, in Fort Collins. If the stroke was caused by a condition, such as high blood pressure or endocarditis, then you will have to be treated for those conditions to reduce the risk of a second stroke. What Is Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome? The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). I looked in the mirror and stuck my tongue out, she said. Once the immediate danger has passed, the process begins to recover from the effects of stroke. The decline in mortality after ischemic stroke in our study aligns with the decline of coronary heart disease mortality observed in the Netherlands and in other countries. In addition, exercising for 2 hours and 30 minutes weekly can help boost heart health and reduce stroke risk. Sex is also included because doing so is standard in most survival analysis, and indeed being female is a modestly positive factor amongst persons with mild or no disabilities following stroke. A recent article 4 on long-term survival after stroke provides life expectancies by age, sex, and severity of disability as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), the most widely used measure of long-term disability after stroke. Frequently asked questions about extreme heat. A 65-year-old male asked: . SSTAR Stroke Survivors Taking Aim at Recovery, Hitting the right note after a cancer diagnosis. We use cookies to make interactions with our website easy and meaningful. Box Figure 2. . Every year in the United States, about 795,000 people have strokes and 137,000 of those people die. Experts say traditional risk factors seem to be playing a role when strokes happen in people in their mid-30s and mid-40s. People can reduce their risk of stroke by quitting smoking, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, controlling blood pressure, and managing any existing medical conditions. Out of that group, Thurston found a therapist to help her with anxiety and fears. Life Expectancy after Stroke Based On Age, Sex, and Rankin Grade of Disability: A Synthesis These figures demonstrate the importance of rehabilitation following stroke, and can be used in discussion of public policy and benchmarking of future results. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. WORLD DIABETES REPORT. Epub 2021 Apr 14. Strokes are different for every person, and that can make people feel like they are the only one going through it, Tafoya said. There is life after stroke May 23, 2019 | UCI Health. How does dementia reduce life expectancy? Heart and Stroke. Epub 2018 Jan 17. World Happiness Map. Eventually Thurstons body would absorb the accumulated blood in her brain, but she needed to be closely monitored in the ICU for any neurological changes. Much has been written about the former; we concentrate here on the latter: what can be said, rather than on how to do so. These are embodied in the probabilities of surviving for 1, 2, or more years, which are, in fact, given in the commonly known survival curves, frequently presented in the medical literature (Box). J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. I want them to know they are not alone. There are many lasting effects that could remain after a stroke, such as: Treatment within one hour of the stroke gives patients the best chances of a good recovery. 9. Survival factors included: People with cerebrovascular disease (a group of conditions affecting blood flow and blood vessels in the brain) and heart disease were most likely to die before the three-year mark. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226324. Eating a balanced diet and exercising regularly can help maintain healthy cholesterol levels, which helps protect against stroke. Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the developed world. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Statistics reveal that 1 in every 8 women aged between 45 to 64 has heart trouble, whereas 1 in every 4 woman has heart trouble above the age of 65. . While colloquially the term life expectancy may be used to express a summary view about a patients prognosis, it is not meant to be a prediction about a given persons actual survival time. The assessments also give an idea of what the life expectancy may be. As she showered, though, something about her felt odd. For one-time nontraumatic brain injuries, such as those due to hypoxia or anoxia, prognosis for survival may be similar to that . She asks them how they are doing and if she can help them with anything. Depending on the type of stroke, doctors may choose from a variety of stroke treatment options, including: Your doctor may recommend additional treatments based on your individual stroke and medical history. Mr. P is now wheelchair bound, although he retains some ability to care for himself. Popa LL, Iancu M, Livint G, Balea M, Dina C, Vacaras V, Vladescu C, Balanescu L, Buzoianu AD, Strilciuc S, Muresanu D. Neurol Sci. You may also see a counselor or psychologist to address any psychological issues you might experience after a stroke. Nearly 800,000 people each year suffer from a stroke. She is also author of the book Just the Right Dose: Your Smart Guide to Prescription Medications and How to Take Them Safely. livegreaterhealth.com back with another condition that happens to many people in the world today. Yet some medical doctors (especially oncologists) do routinely use specific literature from their given field of expertise to provide at least approximate survival figures. I had let fear overcome me.. Slightly longer survival was found in women than in men when adjusted for age at stroke onset. 3. Life Expectancy Project Chronic small vessel disease affects clinical outcome in patients with acute striatocapsular stroke. For Mr. P it is grade 4, because he cannot walk but retains some ability in self care. That was so comforting.. Most of the progress in stroke recovery takes place during the first 6 to 12 months after the event. Dawes RM, Faust D, Meehl PE (1989). Box Figure 1. Even then, there would be 13% who live for a shorter time and 25% who live longer. Many stroke survivors are able to recover functional independence over time, but 25% are left with a minor disability and 40% experience moderate-to-severe disabilities. The .gov means its official. The chances of preventing another stroke from occurring are improved by treating the underlying cause of the stroke, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and more. Really? they always ask, surprised to see such a young stroke survivor. Kindra, seeing the fear in her sister-in-laws face, called 911. But this single life expectancy figure does not specify with certainty exactly how long he will live. Disclaimer. This is the most common type of stroke, affecting 87% of people in the U.S. who have a stroke. I remember the tech holding my leg, telling me she was there and that I was going to be OK, she said. After the age of 25, one in four people will experience a stroke in their lifetime. I was scared it would happen again or take my life, Thurston said. Eriksson M, Norrving B, Ternt A, Stegmayr B. Functional outcome 3 months after stroke predicts long-term survival. tus of patients 6 months after onset of an ischemic stroke has From the *Life Expectancy Project, San Francisco, California; and Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, Cicely Saun-dersInstitute,NorthwickParkHospital,Harrow,Middlesex,UK. . Epub 2020 Oct 2. For each type of cancer there are substantial resources documenting the 1- and 5-year survival rates, often stratified by a persons age, sex, race, tumor stage, grade, histology, and treatment. Symptoms include: numbness of hands or feet; weakness in the limbs; lack of coordination; speech problems; even urges; dizziness; loss of consciousness for a short period of time. Survival, causes of death and recurrence up to 3years after stroke: A population-based study, Long-term survival and function after stroke: a longitudinal observational study from the swedish stroke register, Frequently asked questions about extreme heat, How high blood pressure can lead to stroke, Severe headache that occurs "out of the blue", Numbness and/or weakness of the legs, arms, and/or face (particularly on one side), Confusion, difficulty understanding speech, and trouble speaking, Difficulty walking, sudden incoordination, or loss of balance, Complete paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, Cognitive problems and issues with awareness, thinking, attention, memory, learning, and judgment, Speech difficulties and problems understanding speech, Strange sensations and numbness of the extremities, Difficulty with memory, thinking, awareness, attention, learning, and judgment, Difficulty with speaking or understanding speech, Trouble controlling or expressing emotions, Paralysis, weakness, or numbness (or all three) on one side, Extremity pain, especially in the hands or feet and especially in cold weather. Stroke rehabilitation: What to expect as you recover. Life expectancy after injury ranges from 1.5 years for a ventilator-dependent patient older than 60 to 52.6 years for a 20-year-old patient with preserved motor function. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Neurology 41 years experience. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024992. Los Angeles County Department of Health Services This is why it is critical to take mini strokes seriously and seek emergency medical attention. Science. Sarah Jividen, RN, BSN, is a freelance healthcare journalist and content marketing writer at Health Writing Solutions, LLC. In the following 9 years, life. When a stroke alert is called at these hospitals, a team comprised of a neurologist, an ER physician, stroke coordinator, pharmacist, nurses and technicians assembles immediately and meets the patient as they are taken straight to a CT scanner where a treatment decision can be made as quickly as possible, Tafoya said. What Are the Symptoms of a Cerebellar Stroke? A 2019 research review states that people who experienced a TIA had a 4% lower relative survival rate in the first year after the attack. To begin, it is important to recognize that the life table is completely determined by the annual mortality rates (m) for each age x. If you are sent home instead of a rehabilitation facility, your doctor will likely give you exercises to do on your own or schedule appointments for you to see physical therapists to help ensure you are making on-track progress in your recovery. All Rights Reserved. What do you tell them? 2008;25:423-429. Box Figure 3 shows the probabilities of these occurrences, grouped by 5-year age bins that show 13% of the group would not survive to age 75; as shown, they would survive to ages 70 to 74. eCollection 2022. Every 40 seconds, an American has a stroke. Mayo Clinic. Choose any area of neurology to see curated news, articles, case reports, and more on that topic. Long-term outlook depends on many factors, including the type of stroke, its severity, the treatment used, and your overall health. People should aim to eat: It is also important for a person to avoid processed foods and sugary drinks. More precise statements are usually needed, although presenting the average for the group may not be sufficient. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 2018 May;27(5):1326-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.12.021. I had a jumbled song in my head. A stroke is a frightening and challenging life event. Epub 2011 Dec 13. If the cause is due to an. This difference in survival increases over time. Some individuals will not survive as long while others will survive longer. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021 May;42(5):2031-2037. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04707-9. Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center For example, the general population life expectancy of males age 70 is 14 years, but death much sooner or instead after twice as long is entirely possible. That is, 50% of similar patients will survive at least 5.4 additional years, and the other 50% will have passed away prior to this time point. Stroke types. Reprinted by Echo Point Books & Media, 2013. Know that there are healthcare professionals, treatments, and resources available that can help. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal To facilitate this, we provide a web-based survival tool for rapid and accurate calculations at http://www.LifeExpectancy.org/asp/stroke/. Death foretold: Prophecy and Prognosis in Medical Care. If you are sent to a rehabilitation facility, you might see a physical therapist, occupational therapist, and/or a speech therapist, who can assess swallowing ability as well as speech. These people also have an increased risk of heart attack and other serious cardiac events. Up to 75% of stroke survivors never have another one. Effects of Early Mobilization after Acute Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials. We identified 11 long-term follow-up studies of stroke patients that reported the multivariate effects of age, sex, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) grade of disability, and other factors. If you take an anticoagulant (blood thinner), the first step is to stop that medication to encourage your blood to clot and stop flowing into the neighboring brain tissue. Ann Rehabil Med. Smoking and secondhand smoke are major causes of cardiovascular disease, including stroke. After a stroke, Thurston said, it is important to have someone to talk to who understands and thats what Thurston and three other stroke survivor volunteers provide. These malformations are made of fragile arteries and veins that can leak small amounts of blood and cause large brain hemorrhages, i.e., hemorrhagic strokes. UCHealths University of Colorado Hospital in Aurora and Memorial Hospital in Colorado Springs also offer the program. C. He could live a long time or a short time. ai thinker esp32 cam datasheet She encourages them to go to the support group. Functional recovery from brain damage requires networks of nerves to adapt and reorganize. Marijke Vroomen Durning, RN, has been writing health information for the past 20 years. Responses (A) and (B) are correct but decidedly unhelpful. Report any changes to your health to your stroke doctor and be sure that any other doctors or healthcare professionals (including dentists) know you have a history of stroke before any treatment. Of course, you may still see improvements over time, but the majority of progress is in the first year. The study also found that age was a crucial factor for long-term survival after stroke. How high blood pressure can lead to stroke. Stroke ("brain attack") is a disease of the blood vessels in and around the brain. 2021;28(12):4060-4068. doi:10.1111/ene.15041, Sennflt S, Norrving B, Petersson J, Ullberg T. Long-term survival and function after stroke: a longitudinal observational study from the swedish stroke register. Heart failure: Could a low sodium diet sometimes do more harm than good? Stroke is one of the leading causes of death, taking 140,000 U.S. lives each year. All rights reserved. But it is also one of the leading causes of disability because more than 80% of people who have a stroke survive. Cerebrovasc Diseas. Notice that the 2-year time interval that captures the most likely survival time is 0 to 2 years; yet only 18% (less than one-fifth) of the group falls into this bin. Results: The most common ones used during the acute phase, just after you had the stroke, are the Glasgow Coma Scale, the NIH Stroke Scale, the Modified NIHSS Scale, and the Intracerebral Hemorrhage Scale. A CT scan showed spots on her brain. As a result, physicians routinely quote survival and relapse rates to their patients with cancer. It is possible for a person to have a stroke without realizing it. Christakis NA. Methods: Hemorrhagic stroke was found to result in a lower survival rate or lower level of functionality than ischemic stroke. Over the next 9 years, the relative survival rate was 20% lower. PLoS One. The likelihoods are the annual survival probabilities, and these are given in any standard life table (Box Table). All Rights Reserved Privacy Policy, http://www.LifeExpectancy.org/asp/stroke/, Robert Shavelle, PhD, FAACPDM; Jordan Brooks, PhD, MPH; David Strauss, PhD, FASA; Amytis Towfighi, MD, Completion of the Etiologic Workup: Roles for Advanced Cardiac Imaging and Long-Term Cardiac Monitoring, Closing Care Gaps by Thinking, Talking, and Treating Migraine, Difficulties in Antithrombotic Choices in Prevention of Stroke Recurrence: Combination Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapies, Resumption of Anticoagulant Therapy Following Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes: Indications and Timing, No Evidence of Harm from Prior Anticoagulant Use in Stroke Patients Given Thrombolysis, Individuals with COVID-19 Who Have Stroke May Have More Bleeding in Brain, In Young Adults, Moderate-to-Heavy Drinking Linked to Higher Risk of Stroke. Learn about the different types of strokes, the survival rates, stroke rehabilitation, and life after stroke. The Difference Between a Stroke and a Heart Attack. Kim TL, Hwang SH, Lee WJ, Hwang JW, Cho I, Kim EH, Lee JA, Choi Y, Park JH, Shin JH. 3. In the present context, we are concerned with giving an accurate and helpful description of survival that is tailored to the case at hand. These assessments help the stroke team determine the best recovery and rehabilitation plan for each individual. 5. The sum of these 8 probabilities is 100%, as appropriate. Stroke treatment. Most people who have a first-time stroke also have high blood pressure (hypertension). Yet to our knowledge there are no studies reporting life expectancies stratified by both age and severity. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Even better, she gets to share their stories with the world. Other scales assess your mental status, alertness, if you can perform personal care, and more. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104450. Work with your healthcare providers to manage symptoms, relearn skills, and find ways to adapt to your new circumstances. government site. 1. Zhou LW, Kraler L, de Havenon A, Lansberg MG. J Am Heart Assoc. Privacy Policy|Advertising Policy|Privacy Preferences Center|Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Note that amongst men like him, the average survival time (ie, the life expectancy) is 6 years. Once you have had a stroke, you will be followed quite closely by your doctor, even if you have no lasting effects. A ministroke, also known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), involves a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain. A NEW app aims to predict your life expectancy, as well as your risk of heart attack and stroke in the next 10 years. In the highlighted row, for Rankin grade 4, observe that 100%79%=21% will live 0 to 2 more years, 18% will live 2 to 4 years, 16% will live 4 to 6 years, 13% will live 6 to 8 years, 10% will live 8 to 10 years, 8% will live 10 to 12 years, 6% will live 12 to 14 years, and 8% will live 12 or more years. The site is secure. Can you identify the symptoms of a stroke? American Heart Association. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The Modified Rankin Scale, one such assessment, looks at your ability to walk independently, if you can live alone, and if you can return to your activities from before the stroke. Almost two thirds of acute stroke patients fail to survive more than a decade and have high risk of recurrence, prompting researchers to call for better patient care. To capture more people, we would have to widen the range, for example to ages 75-89, where 62% reside. if you are a 40-year-old white woman, with a height of 5ft 6 inches . As noted, a single individuals survival time cannot be predicted with any reasonable degree of precision. Even though they are all different, there are a lot of things that are the same, and a support group provides that community that can relate to one another, sharing how they have adapted and learning how others have managed their new obstacles.. It was such a weird feeling that I cant describe, she said. This means that the average man age 70 has a 13% chance of passing away before reaching age 75. Brain swelling and increased intracranial pressure can cause further damage and seizures, and needs to be treated quickly.She was out of the hospital in just a few days and didnt have any visible deficits from the stroke, but emotionally, she was hurting. Received June 30, 2019; revision received September 16, 2019; accepted September 25, 2019. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Most obviously, no specific survival time, even if rounded to the nearest integer, or even any narrow range of such figures, will occur in 100% of cases. Statistics also reveals that around 40% of American men have some kind of heart trouble (heart attacks included) after the age of 20. Kati Blocker has always been driven to learn and explore the world around her. Functional status three months after the first ischemic stroke is associated with long-term outcome: data from a community-based cohort. Life expectancy is, by definition, the average survival time in the defined group. We restrict attention here to the basics. A 40-year-old member asked: What are the symptoms of a major stroke? Although the members were older, she found that age didnt matter much. Nonetheless, they provide a rational starting point from which further scientific adjustments could be made. Neither arm felt weak. FOIA I see that fear. In sum, we cannot predict actual survival times with any reasonable degree of precision. The Table reproduces the summary life expectancy figures from the aforementioned article on long-term survival after stroke.4 For a man age 70, such as the person described in the opening Case Study, whose disabilities are consistent with Rankin grade 4, the stated life expectancy is 6 additional years. "Stroke is more common in older people, but we are seeing an increase in the risk for much younger people now," said Melinda Tafoya, stroke coordinator for UCHealth in northern Colorado. Yet none of these is truly helpful to Mr. Ps family or him. What is it, a Massive Stroke and what is the life expectancy after one? Site Map Terms of Use Privacy Policy Accessibility Site Search The Griswold Home Care service model varies depending . Within the first months after a stroke, certain parts of the damaged brain tissue may heal themselves. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But a warning is not a life sentence. The type of rehabilitation you may require will depend on the side of the brain that sustained the stroke. 2018;46(1-2):82-88. doi: 10.1159/000492625. High blood pressure damages blood vessels in the body and brain, making them more likely to clog or burst. However, older research from 2011 indicates that TIAs have a minimal effect on life expectancy in people aged 50 and under, but can significantly reduce life expectancy in those over 65. She put on her robe and headed downstairs to talk to her nephew. Despite the likelihood of making a full recovery, life expectancy after stroke incidents can decrease. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Paramedics are trained to recognize stroke symptoms and can alert the correct emergency room that a patient is coming. That is, amongst a group of similarly situated men, the arithmetic mean, or average, survival time is 6 years. Stroke survivors who suffered a second stroke were 2.67 times more likely to die than stroke survivors who did not have a second stroke in the study period. Its hard to tell right away how much a stroke will affect your life, temporarily or permanently, since your outlook depends on the type of stroke you had, where in the brain the blockage or bleed occurred, and how much damage it caused. As indicated in the study, it is a matter of empiric observation that age and severity have the largest effects on long-term survival. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help When prognosis is poor and medical intervention is frequent and often invasive with long hospital stays, patients and family may already essentially know the prognosis, and it need not be quantified with any precision. From 2003 to 2012, hospitalizations of women ages 35 to 44 for acute ischemic. Indeed a single figure cannot provide a complete description of a persons prognosis for survival. Box Figure 3. A CT scan confirmed a stroke and an MRI showed that her cavernous malformation was not just a few spots but about 20 throughout her brain and brain stem. Background: Every year, almost 800,000 people in the United States have a strokeeither their first ever or a repeat. Thurston, like many parents of teenagers, was busy at the time running kids to friends houses and to after-school practices. Balea M, Birle C, Costin C, Marton J, Muresanu IA, Jemna N, Popa LL, Slavoaca D, Rosu OV, Stan A, Vacaras V, Strilciuc S, Muresanu DF. She attended a few times, but the commute was too much. All types of strokes were considered, along with possible comorbid factors. It occurs when part of the brain does not receive enough blood to function normally and the cells die (infarction), or when a blood vessel ruptures (hemorrhagic stroke).Infarction is more common than hemorrhage and has a number of causes; for example, a vessel (artery) supplying blood to the brain can become .

Berryessa Community Center Activity Guide, Equate Blood Pressure Monitor 4000 Series Manual, Wordle Archive 3 Answer, Articles L