german unification ap euro
Utilizing their efficiently laid rail grid, Prussian troops were delivered to battle areas rested and prepared to fight, whereas French troops had to march for considerable distances to reach combat zones. [34], As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway. Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine; his army and his government collapsed, and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba. At first Bismarck outlawed the SPD, but dissatisfaction with unification in Germany's cities, where workers sometimes viewed the German state as a tool of capitalism, proved that socialism was to become a significant force in post-unification German politics. Their own interests, which they understood as "civil" or "bourgeois", seemed irrelevant. The AP European History course and exam are undergoing a redesign for the 2015-2016 school year. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. by cjones004. Cocks, Geoffrey and Konrad Hugo Jarausch. Documents on Italian Unification. [48] Failure to achieve unification in 1848, this argument holds, resulted in the late formation of the nation-state in 1871, which in turn delayed the development of positive national values. Good grades in such AP tests can result in the student being granted exemption from certain college freshman courses. As the music builds, display a picture of the opening scene. During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. What did they stand for? [8] The critical role played by Blcher's troops, especially after having to retreat from the field at Ligny the day before, helped to turn the tide of combat against the French. While some, such as Wagner, viewed the nation as an organic and natural entity, drawing together peoples with similar linguistic and cultural heritages, others considered the nation as a political institution to be constructed by political authority. Railway lines encouraged economic activity by creating demand for commodities and by facilitating commerce. Urban middle class You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. The Spanish, looking for a suitable Catholic successor, had offered the post to three European princes, each of whom was rejected by Napoleon III, who served as regional power-broker. The Lower House, the Reichstag, was popularly elected but could not introduce legislation and could only veto the budget, something they were usually unwilling to do. That Obama wanted Merkel to stay on during what he foresaw would be a chaotic period under Trump was not only due to her formidable skills - it was. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. [109] However, legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states, in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto. The German Empire became," in Karl Marx's words, a military despotism cloaked in parliamentary forms with a feudal ingredient, influenced by the bourgeoisie, festooned with bureaucrats and guarded by police. Indeed, many historians would see Germany's escape into war in 1914 as a flight from all of the internal-political contradictions forged by Bismarck at Versailles in the fall of 1870. Although many Catholics sympathized with conservative politics, Bismarck viewed Roman Catholicism, with its purported loyalty to a Roman pontiff, as a potential weakness to the German state. In 1864 Bismarck trumped up charges against the Danish government for their treatment of Germans living in the Danish province of Schleswig-Holstein. In James Retallack, ed., Saxony in German History: Culture, Society, and Politics, 1830-1933. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. [119], Another important element in nation-building, the story of the heroic past, fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann (17851860), his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke (18341896), and others less conservative, such as Theodor Mommsen (18171903) and Heinrich von Sybel (18171895), to name two. Following the defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866, the German states allied with Prussia, with the notable exception of Catholic Bavaria, forming the North German Confederation. 9th Edition. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. Luther and Qin both lived in a society filled with disunity and corruption, hence why both decided to make a change. Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm, as head of the Hohenzollern family, stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain, the French government would respondalthough he left ambiguous the nature of such response. Finally, Francefearing Hohenzollern encirclementdeclared war on Prussia in 1870, resulting in the Franco-Prussian War. [77], Opposition to Prussia's strong-armed tactics surfaced in other social and political groups. The Bavarian king, Ludwig II, who was one of the last German princes to agree to join the Prussian-dominated German Empire, provided the majority of the funds for its construction. The "Witch. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. A series of wars in the 1860s, culminating in the Prussian defeat of France in 1871 resulted in the German unification of 1871 under Prussian leadership. Its former leading state, the Austrian Empire, was along with the majority of its allies excluded from the ensuing North German Confederation Treaty sponsored by Prussia which directly annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt, while Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but kept its statehood. Consequently, a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions. The king of Prussia as emperor and Bismarck as chancellor had complete authority over foreign affairs and the army. The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [dt an] (listen)) was the process of building the modern German nation-state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria of the Habsburgs), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a Prussian-dominated military alliance which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. Aristocrat Schneckenburger wrote "The Watch on the Rhine" in a specific patriotic response to French assertions that the Rhine was France's "natural" eastern boundary. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. A broad investigation into the problem of creating a German national identity outside of Prussia. The needle gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. Groups can be overlapped, e.g., Catholics can also be Polish, German, or French, etc. Bismarck was also confronted with problems from religious minorities in Germany, especially from Catholics and Jews. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg. [113], A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequentlyalthough not necessarilythrough deliberate national policy. We will look into differences and similarities between German and Italian unification and come to the conclusion. For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. Divide students into the following groups and debate the "Polish Question." The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers between the German states, especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods, making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy, transport, and sell raw materials. [19] Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements. The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur, and when was contingent upon strength. [104] Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone. Play the overture to Das Rhinegold, which is approximately 5 minutes long. [61], King Frederick William IV suffered a stroke in 1857 and could no longer rule. However, central Europe's heterogeneous population meant that creating any "natural" type of Germany would be virtually impossible. [21], At the Wartburg Festival in 1817 the first real movements among the students were formed - fraternities and student organizations emerged. As Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to German revolutionary Karl Blind on 10 April 1865, "The progress of humanity seems to have come to a halt, and you with your superior intelligence will know why. Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). [67] Second, his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects: the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary. Further complexity can be created by identifying some as Wagnerian-style romantic nationalists and others as Bismarck-like realpolitik nationalists. p.235. [79] Complicating the situation for Austria, the Italian mobilization on Austria's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea. [117], The Germanized Jews remained another vulnerable population in the new German nation-state. Members of the Upper House of the parliament, the Bundesrat, were appointed by the princes of the individual German states and were therefore beholden to the monarchs. Different groups offered different solutions to this problem. In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria. The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." There was also uncertainty as to who would best lead and defend "Germany", however it was defined. In 1807, Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence, linking landscape to people. [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. On 18 November 1863, he signed the Danish November Constitution which replaced The Law of Sjlland and The Law of Jutland, which meant the new constitution applied to the Duchy of Schleswig. In the Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland ("Greater Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire p.302. The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento (literally, "resurgence"). [96], The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ("Camp Misery"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. AP stands for "Advanced Placement"; it is a test intended for U.S. or foreign high school students to prove extraordinary knowledge. [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. Students will analyze the creation of the German Empire as constructed "from above" by Prussian leadership through political institutions, economic interest, diplomacy, and war and the consequences of this for political, religious, and nationalistic opponents of German unification. [38], The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Frth in 1835. By 1846, 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance, and a network of canals extended from the Danube, the Weser, and the Elbe rivers. Prussia's defeat of Denmark and annexation of Schleswig-Holstein set Prussia on a collision course with Austria for dominance of central Europe. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war with the unfavorable Peace of Prague,[82] laying the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland (little Germany) solution, or "Germany without Austria.". "The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building.". Italian and German Unification Secondary Sources SOURCE 1: Excerpt from Raymond Grew, A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity, 1963, pp. However, the Prussian leadership, which was thoroughly conservative, rejected the Frankfurt constitution, preferring reform and unification directed from above. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. Today we'll look at how Italy and Germany pulled it together in the second half of the 1800s. SEOUL, South Korea . Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. Napoleon had ordered the emancipation of Jews throughout territories under French hegemony. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. The overture to Das Rheingold sets the stage for the audience. Lacking a geographically central organizing feature (such as a national capital), the rails were laid in webs, linking towns and markets within regions, regions within larger regions, and so on. [1], Invasion of the (mostly ceremonial at the time) HRR by the First French Empire in the War of the Second Coalition (17981802) resulted in crushing the HRR and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. In Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang Di uses Legalist, harsh values to govern the . A complete overview of the AP European History exam. opaeeftakppooeiflei# 01848--1871: unification of Germany and final unification of Italy and introductionof 3rd republic in France. In the refrain, "Dear fatherland, dear fatherland, put your mind to rest / The watch stands true on the Rhine", and in such other patriotic poetry as Nicholaus Becker's "Das Rheinlied" ("The Rhine"), Germans were called upon to defend their territorial homeland. By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro-Prussian war had become apparent. Nationalism and Realism - Sample Homework Pacing (Page numbers are from Spielvogel, 9 th edition) Assignment 1: Napoleon III MindTap: Setting the Scene Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire, pages 658-660 The Second Napoleonic Empire, page 660 Foreign Policy: The Crimean War, pages 660-662 AP Euro Bit by Bit: Who Was Napoleon III? The Prussian king Frederick William III saw no advantage in traveling from Berlin to Potsdam a few hours faster, and Metternich refused to ride in one at all. Privately, he feared opposition from the other German princes and military intervention from Austria or Russia. Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands. Rural farmer. They got to keep their own land, but they had on Hapsburg ruler.The Augsleich was the compromise that brought these two countries together. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, many of the previously strong barriers between Jews and Christians broke down. Like their French counterparts, wealthy German Jews sponsored salons; in particular, several Jewish salonnires held important gatherings in Frankfurt and Berlin during which German intellectuals developed their own form of republican intellectualism. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. This led to his brother William becoming prince regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858. [81] In the day-long Battle of Kniggrtz, near the village of Sadov, Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. italian unification ap european history crash course albert web mar 1 2022 the italian unification refers to the events that took place between 1848 and 1870 on the Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865. Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel, leading to contact and sometimes conflict between and among German-speakers from throughout Central Europe. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Which individual is associated with the phrase blood and iron as related to the unification of Germany? If a European state declared war on one of their members, then they all would come to the defense of the attacked state. Due in part to the shared experience, albeit under French dominance, various justifications emerged to identify "Germany" as a potential future single state. '", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. Within three years, 141 kilometers (88mi) of track had been laid, by 1840, 462 kilometers (287mi), and by 1860, 11,157 kilometers (6,933mi). Water transportation also improved. Scribner, Robert W. and Sheilagh C. Ogilvie. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. German politicians also targeted Jews as disloyal outsiders, although most of Germany's Jewish population voted for mainstream liberal or conservative politicians preferring assimilation into the political system rather than organizing into a separate political party. He refused for a variety of reasons. [47], Scholars of German history have engaged in decades of debate over how the successes and failures of the Frankfurt Parliament contribute to the historiographical explanations of German nation building. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . Consequently, these decrees drove the Burschenschaften underground, restricted the publication of nationalist materials, expanded censorship of the press and private correspondence, and limited academic speech by prohibiting university professors from encouraging nationalist discussion. In 1848, nationalists sought to remedy that problem. Bismarck, a member of Prussia's Junker class, the conservative nobility who served the Prussian state as officers in the military or as governmental bureaucrats, was completely devoted to the Prussian crown, God, and German unification. This limited union under Prussia would have almost eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. [89] The Austro-Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government. [19], The assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. Most European liberals in the Vormrz sought unification under nationalist principles, promoted the transition to capitalism, sought the expansion of male suffrage, among other issues. Bismarck's path to unification came through diplomacy and war. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. ultimate guide to Euro 2020, epic interviews with the stars, plus the UK and Ireland dream team and also discover everything you need to know about Messi, Ronaldo, Kane, Salah, Mbappe, Maguire, Hazard, Pogba and all the other top footballers. Document A Historian R. R. Palmer, on German unification, 2002 Gradually, as we have seen, the Germans became dissatisfied with their position. Many modern historians describe this myth, without subscribing to it: for example. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. italian unification ap european history crash course albert . [49] Furthermore, this argument maintains, the "failure" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization. One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. This new version of the course involves breadth of the knowledge you as students must possess on test day. [13] Ever since the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century, their domains had steadily increased through inheritance and war. Richard Wagner (181383) is one of the most controversial composers of the nineteenth century. Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. Carrying flags, beating drums, and singing, the participants took the better part of the morning and mid-day to arrive at the castle grounds, where they listened to speeches by nationalist orators from across the conservative to radical political spectrum. An overview of nineteenth-century German history, including unification and related religious, regional, and ethnic tensions. Many of the states did not have constitutions, and those that did, such as the Duchy of Baden, based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population. Others wondered if the railways were an "evil" that threatened the landscape: Nikolaus Lenau's 1838 poem An den Frhling (To Spring) bemoaned the way trains destroyed the pristine quietude of German forests. In addition, a large part of Poland had been part of Prussia since the eighteenth century. The German Conquest of France in 18701871. Download The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I - 11 PDF Cambridge University Press.2003. The unifications wouldn't have been achieved without the help of men and historical circumstances. [123], For the 1871 ceremonial event marking completion of unification, see, Administrative areas after the unification of the, Dissolution of the Old Empire by the Napoleonic Continental System, Rise of German nationalism under Napoleon, Congress of Vienna and the rise of German dualism, Emergence of liberal nationalism and conservative response, German revolutions and Polish uprising of 184849, The aborted 184849 German Empire in retrospective analysis, Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmtz, External expectations of a unified Germany, Peace of Prague and the North German Confederation, Unified Italy and Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Open hostilities and the disastrous end of the Second French Empire, War as the capstone of the unification process, Internal political and administrative unification, Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy, Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation, Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the.